Overview

Gum infection, also known as periodontal infection, refers to the inflammation and infection of the tissues that surround and support the teeth. It commonly begins as gingivitis, a mild and reversible form of gum disease characterized by redness and swelling of the gums. If left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more severe condition that may lead to gum recession, tooth loosening, and even tooth loss. Gum infections are common and can affect people of all ages, though they are more prevalent in adults. Prompt treatment and good oral hygiene are essential for preventing complications.

Causes

Gum infections are primarily caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria on the teeth and gums. Several factors contribute to the development of gum infections:

• Poor oral hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing lead to plaque and tartar accumulation, which irritates the gums.
• Smoking or tobacco use: Tobacco reduces blood flow to the gums and impairs healing, increasing the risk of infection.
• Hormonal changes: Pregnancy, menstruation, or menopause can make gums more sensitive and prone to infection.
• Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can weaken the immune response and promote bacterial growth in the mouth.
• Weakened immune system: Conditions such as HIV/AIDS or cancer treatments can increase susceptibility to gum infections.
• Poor nutrition: Deficiencies in vitamins, especially vitamin C, can impair gum health.
• Certain medications: Drugs that cause dry mouth or gum overgrowth can contribute to gum problems.

Symptoms

Common signs and symptoms of gum infection include:

• Red, swollen, or tender gums.
• Bleeding gums, especially during brushing or flossing.
• Persistent bad breath (halitosis) or bad taste in the mouth.
• Receding gums or gums pulling away from the teeth.
• Formation of deep pockets between the teeth and gums.
• Loose or shifting teeth in advanced cases.
• Pus between the teeth and gums (in severe infections).
• Pain while chewing or sensitivity to hot and cold foods.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of gum infection involves a clinical examination by a dentist or periodontist:

• Visual inspection: The dentist checks for redness, swelling, and signs of bleeding.
• Periodontal probing: A probe is used to measure the depth of pockets between the gums and teeth.
• Dental X-rays: Imaging helps assess bone loss around teeth and determine the severity of periodontitis.
• Medical history review: Identifying underlying health conditions that may contribute to gum disease.

Treatment

The treatment for gum infection depends on its severity:

• Professional dental cleaning: Scaling and polishing remove plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line in mild cases.
• Scaling and root planing: A deep cleaning procedure that smoothens the tooth roots to help gums reattach.
• Antibiotics: Topical or oral antibiotics may be prescribed to control bacterial infection.
• Surgical treatments: In advanced cases, flap surgery, bone grafts, or tissue regeneration procedures may be necessary.
• Oral hygiene improvement: Brushing twice daily, flossing, and using antiseptic mouthwash are crucial for recovery.
• Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking, managing diabetes, and improving nutrition support better gum health.

Prognosis

The prognosis for gum infections is generally good if treated early. Gingivitis can be completely reversed with professional cleaning and improved oral hygiene. Periodontitis requires more intensive treatment but can be managed effectively to prevent further damage.

If left untreated, gum infections can lead to tooth loss, abscess formation, and may even increase the risk of systemic conditions like heart disease. Regular dental checkups, proper oral hygiene, and lifestyle adjustments can prevent recurrence and maintain long-term oral health.