Overview

Dust mite allergy is a common allergic reaction caused by tiny, microscopic organisms called dust mites. These mites thrive in house dust, feeding on dead skin cells shed by humans and pets. Dust mite allergy can lead to year-round symptoms, especially in people with sensitive immune systems. It is one of the primary causes of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and can also trigger asthma symptoms in certain individuals. While dust mites are harmless to most people, those with allergies may experience persistent sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and breathing difficulties.

Causes

Dust mites are invisible to the naked eye and are commonly found in warm, humid environments such as bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains. The allergy is not caused by the mites themselves, but by proteins present in their waste products, body parts, and secretions. When inhaled, these proteins trigger an immune response in sensitive individuals, leading to allergic symptoms.

Common contributing factors include:

• High indoor humidity (above 50%) which promotes dust mite survival.
• Poor ventilation or infrequent cleaning of soft furnishings and bedding.
• Genetic predisposition to allergies or asthma.

Symptoms

The symptoms of dust mite allergy can range from mild to severe and may persist throughout the year. Common symptoms include:

• Frequent sneezing, especially after waking up.
• Runny or stuffy nose (nasal congestion).
• Itchy, watery, or red eyes (allergic conjunctivitis).
• Coughing and postnasal drip.
• Itchy throat or roof of the mouth.
• Facial pressure and sinus pain due to chronic nasal congestion.
• In individuals with asthma, worsening of wheezing, difficulty breathing, or chest tightness.
• Fatigue caused by disturbed sleep due to nasal blockage and coughing.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of dust mite allergy is made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing:

• Medical history: A healthcare provider will assess symptoms, their frequency, and possible triggers.
• Physical examination: Examination of nasal passages, throat, and eyes for signs of allergic reaction.
• Skin prick test: Small amounts of dust mite extract are introduced into the skin to observe for a reaction.
• Specific IgE blood test: Measures the immune system’s response to dust mite allergens through blood analysis.

Treatment

Treatment of dust mite allergy involves symptom relief and reducing exposure to allergens:

• Allergen avoidance:
  • Use allergen-proof covers on mattresses and pillows.
  • Wash bedding weekly in hot water (above 130°F or 55°C).
  • Reduce humidity indoors using a dehumidifier (keep below 50%).
  • Remove carpets, heavy curtains, and stuffed toys where possible.
  • Vacuum with HEPA filters and clean floors regularly.
• Medications:
  • Antihistamines to reduce sneezing, runny nose, and itching.
  • Decongestants to relieve nasal congestion.
  • Intranasal corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists for certain cases.
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots or tablets): Gradually introduces small doses of the allergen to build tolerance and reduce long-term symptoms.

Prognosis

With proper management, most people with dust mite allergy can significantly reduce their symptoms and improve their quality of life. Allergen avoidance measures are often very effective when consistently applied. Medications help control symptoms quickly, and immunotherapy offers a long-term reduction in sensitivity for many patients.

Without treatment, dust mite allergy can lead to chronic nasal inflammation, recurring sinus infections, and worsening of asthma symptoms. Early diagnosis and proactive management are key to preventing complications and achieving long-lasting relief from allergy symptoms.